Cancer Research UK has listed some popular cancer dietary supplements that are often believed to help cancer patients in the public imagination. These include bromelain, Essiac, laetrile, turmeric, soy, selenium, vitamin C, and vitamin D. I have reviewed the scientific evidence supporting these dietary supplements to provide an informed understanding of these compounds. Here is a sample review.
Bromelain
Bromelains are protein-digesting compounds obtained from the stem and fruit of pineapple. They have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Some studies suggest that the enzyme may promote cell death and possess anti-cancerous properties. (Pavan R et al., 2012). However, clinical studies are required to validate this property. (Pezzani, R et al 2023)
Essiac
According to the US National Cancer Institute, Essiac is an herbal formula composed of burdock root (Arctium lappa), Turkey rhubarb root (Rheum palmatum), sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella), and slippery elm bark (Ulmus rubra). This cancer dietary supplements formula can be administered as a drinkable liquid, in capsules, or as drops. It was seen to stimulate the growth of human breast cancer cells. (Kulp, K S et al., 2006) However, the scientific evidence supporting these properties appears to be tenuous.
Laetrile
Amygdalin is a bitter substance found in the pits of fruits such as apricots, as well as in raw nuts, lima beans, clover, and sorghum. Amygdalin breaks down into hydrogen cyanide, which then converts into cyanide when absorbed into the body. Hydrogen cyanide is thought to kill cancer cells. Laetrile is the trade name of amygdalin. The compound is also known as Vitamin B 17, which is not approved as a vitamin in the US and the UK. Two clinical trials conducted by the National Cancer Institute report no improvement in cancer when treated with this compound. Laetrile treatment causes several side effects, such as nausea and vomiting, headache, dizziness, liver damage, etc.
Soy
Soy refers to the protein found in soybeans and encompasses products made from the bean, including soy milk, tofu, and soy oil. Soy food consumption is associated with health benefits, including protection against breast cancer. This is attributed to soybean isoflavones (genistein, daidzein). Isoflavones are said to be selective estrogen receptor modulators. (Messina M J et al., 2001; Shike M et al., 2014).
A phase II B trial of soy isoflavone supplementation suggests a lack of efficacy for breast cancer prevention and a possible adverse effect in premenopausal women. (Khan, S A et al., 2012. A small reduction in breast cancer risk was associated with soy intake. (Trock, B J et al., 2006) Soy food consumption was significantly associated with a decreased risk of death and recurrence. (Shu, X. O., et al., 2009; Wu. A. H. et al. (2008). A positive relationship between soy consumption and prostate cancer was also noted. (van Die et al., 2014)
Selenium
Selenium is an essential micronutrient found in many foods, including Brazil nuts, seafood, meat, poultry, organ meats, cereals, grains, and dairy products. The inorganic forms of selenium (selenite and selenate) are used as a cancer dietary supplement. Selenium is also present in organic food. Organic compounds are more easily absorbed than inorganic compounds. Extreme selenium deficiencies are prevalent among people worldwide. Supplements containing this micronutrient, such as selenium-enriched food or yeast cell biomass, are recommended as part of a balanced diet. Kieliszek, M (2019)
It exerts multiple and complex effects on human health. It is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. Selenoproteins, specifically the amino acid selenocysteine, are responsible for these physiological functions. The health effects of Selenium depend greatly on the baseline level of this micronutrient. (Wrobel, J K et al. 2016)
Selenium at higher doses can become a prooxidant, exerting its potential anticancer properties. (Fernandes, A P et al. 2015) Although several clinical trials indicated no significant benefit of Selenium in preventing cancer, researchers reported it exerts superior anticancer properties. (Tan, H W et al., 2018)
Selenium supplementation reduces the risk of cancer incidence and mortality in all cancers combined, specifically in the liver, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers. The strongest effect is seen in those individuals with the lowest selenium status. Rayman, M P (2005). Selenium nanoparticles have been noted as a potent chemotherapeutic agent. (Menon S et al., 2018)
Cancer Research UK does not recommend cancer dietary supplements that include selenium and advises waiting for more research and trials before determining the anti-cancer use of this micronutrient.
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